Gallbladder protrusion through the groin region-a very unusual femoral hernia.

Groin hernias are among the oldest recorded afflictions of mankind. Most of them protrude through the inguinal canal, and only a few through the femoral canal. Usually, they are present as a painful lump in the groin region, and their complications arise if they become incarcerated or strangulated. Incarcerated hernias may contain a variety of contents, such as the omentum, small bowel, colon, bladder, appendix, stomach, or ovary as previously described. Usually, the history and a physical examination are sufficient to make the diagnosis. However, the wide use of CT has become an effective instrument to identify the contents of hernias and has helped surgeons program the best management. This article reports, for the first time, the case of an 81-year-old female with an incarcerated femoral hernia that contains the gallbladder.

Perinatal outcome of hypertensive pregnant women is related to the severity of preeclampsia

Introduction: Hypertension in pregnancy plays a key role in perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aims to analyze maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with hypertension in pregnant women. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, involving hypertensive pregnant women admitted for delivery. The results were analyzed using the chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Of the 162 hypertensive pregnant women studied, 61.1% were diagnosed with preeclampsia. Cesarean section was the most frequent mode of delivery (79.6%). Overall, 46.2% of newborns were premature; of these, 23.4% required intensive neonatal care. Preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia were associated with prematurity in 56.2% of cases (p = 0.011) and 75.7% of cases (p = 0.004), respectively. Severe preeclampsia was associated with neonatal complications (45.9%), and no neonatal complications were associated with mild preeclampsia in 78% (p = 0.014) and gestational hypertension in 96% (p = 0.001). Neonatal deaths occurred in 11.1% of cases admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, corresponding to a neonatal mortality rate of 24 per 1,000 live births. Conclusions: The association of severe preeclampsia with prematurity and adverse perinatal outcomes corroborates the need . (AU)